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<title>Ticket machine</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Ticket machine</span></span>

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<p>A <b>ticket machine</b>, also known as a <b>ticket vending machine (TVM)</b>, is a <a href="Vending_machine" title="Vending machine">vending machine</a> that produces paper or electronic <a href="Ticket_(admission)" title="Ticket (admission)">tickets</a>, or recharges a <a href="Stored-value_card" title="Stored-value card">stored-value card</a> or <a href="Smart_card" title="Smart card">smart card</a> or the user's <a href="Mobile_wallet" class="mw-redirect" title="Mobile wallet">mobile wallet</a>, typically on a <a href="Smartphone" title="Smartphone">smartphone</a>. For instance, ticket machines dispense <a href="Train_ticket" title="Train ticket">train tickets</a> at <a href="Railway_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Railway station">railway stations</a>, <a href="Fare" title="Fare">transit tickets</a> at <a href="Metro_station" title="Metro station">metro stations</a> and tram tickets at some <a href="Tram_stop" title="Tram stop">tram stops</a> and in some trams.  <b>Token machines</b> may dispense the ticket in the form of a token which has the same function as a paper or electronic ticket. The typical transaction consists of a user using the display interface to select the type and quantity of tickets and then choosing a payment method of either <a href="Cash" title="Cash">cash</a>, <a href="Credit_card" title="Credit card">credit</a>/<a href="Debit_card" title="Debit card">debit card</a> or <a href="Smart_card" title="Smart card">smartcard</a>. The ticket(s) are then printed on paper and dispensed to the user, or loaded onto the user's smartcard or smartphone.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ticket_and_fare_formats">Ticket and fare formats</h2></div>

<p>For most of the twentieth century, ticket machines issued paper tickets, or tokens worth one fare each. Later, fare value was loaded onto <a href="Stored-value_card" title="Stored-value card">stored-value cards</a> (first paper, later smart cards). Passengers could load any amount within a range; it did not necessarily have to correspond to any particular single fare. The cards could be reloaded until their expiration date, again with any monetary amount within a given range.

</p><p>To encourage usage of ticket machines and reduce the need for salespersons, machine prices may in some cases be lower than those at a ticket counter.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Timeline">Timeline</h2></div>

<ul><li><b>1904</b>: first self-service ticket machines on the <a href="Central_London_Railway" title="Central London Railway">Central London Railway</a>, now part of <a href="London_Underground" title="London Underground">London Underground</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li><b>1954</b>: <a href="Toronto_Subway" class="mw-redirect" title="Toronto Subway">Toronto Subway</a> opens and has <a href="Subway_token" class="mw-redirect" title="Subway token">tokens</a> in machines from day one<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li><b>1977</b>: San Diego–based airline <a href="Pacific_Southwest_Airlines" title="Pacific Southwest Airlines">PSA</a> introduces vending machines for airline tickets<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Staff-operated_machines">Staff-operated machines</h2></div>

<p>Mechanical ticket machines were used by bus drivers and conductors since the late 1920s. Their functions may include printing tickets, recording of sales and payments. Some manufacturers are MicroFx, <a href="Hoeft_%26_Wessel_AG" title="Hoeft & Wessel AG">Almex</a>, <a href="Setright_Machine" title="Setright Machine">Setright</a>, <a href="AEG_(German_company)" title="AEG (German company)">AEG</a>, CAMP (Compagnie d'Ateliers Mecaniques de Precision), Gibson <a href="Genfare" title="Genfare">GFI Genfare</a>, <a href="Parkeon" class="mw-redirect" title="Parkeon">Parkeon</a>, <a href="Xerox" title="Xerox">Xerox</a>, Beckson and Corvia (<a href="Ticketer" title="Ticketer">Ticketer</a>).

</p><p>Since the 1970s (jobs), electronic computer terminals and printers are used.

</p><p>Handheld ticket machines are used on buses in India to sell tickets, validate smart cards and renew passes.<sup id="cite_ref-BESTmachine_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BESTmachine-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These machines replaced the earlier <a href="Manual_fare_collection" title="Manual fare collection">manual fare collection</a> system where tickets were often punched to indicate journey and fare stages.<sup id="cite_ref-collectiblecolour_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-collectiblecolour-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Enforcement">Enforcement</h2></div>

<p>In many countries where trains and urban transport tickets operate largely on the <a href="Proof-of-payment" title="Proof-of-payment">honor system</a> (with enforcement by roving inspectors or conductors), there are also machines in stations (or in vehicles) for validating tickets. This is for the situation where one buys a ticket in advance and decides to use it later. Usually, the ticket is time-stamped to determine its validity period. A common problem is forgetting to validate and then being fined as if one had no ticket at all. Such machines are generally not used in the United States. Nearly all American <a href="Mass_transit" class="mw-redirect" title="Mass transit">mass transit</a> networks operating on the honor system expect their users to buy tickets immediately before use; regular riders can avoid that inconvenience by buying period passes in advance (often from the same machines that sell daily or one-time tickets). Recently, however, a handful of <a href="Commuter_rail" title="Commuter rail">commuter rail</a> systems like <a href="Metrolink_(California)" title="Metrolink (California)">Metrolink</a> have adopted the use of validation machines for at least some ticket types.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Issues">Issues</h2></div>

<p>Ticket machines that are out of service or accept 'exact change only' result in losses for transport providers.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applications">Applications</h2></div>

<p>Ticket machines are also often used for amusement parks, cinemas (in those cases sometimes called <a href="Ticketing_kiosk" class="mw-redirect" title="Ticketing kiosk">ticketing kiosks</a>), car parking (see <a href="Pay_and_display" title="Pay and display">pay and display</a>), as well as those that issue free tickets—for example, those for <a href="Queue_area#Virtual_queue" title="Queue area">virtual queueing</a>.

</p><p><a href="Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> uses <a href="Shokken_(food_ticket_machine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Shokken (food ticket machine)">ticket machines</a> in restaurants, cafes and other establishments. Customers select an item on the machine, insert money into the machine then receive a voucher that can be exchanged for their order, unlike a vending machine where the customer would receive their item. Some ticket machines are standalone machines while other versions of the machine are located at the counter.<sup id="cite_ref-LJ_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LJ-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2></div>

<div class="gallerytext"><a href="Opal_card" title="Opal card">Opal card</a> ticket and top-up machine in <a href="Sydney" title="Sydney">Sydney</a>, <a href="Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></div>

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<div class="gallerytext">A ticket and <a href="Presto_card" title="Presto card">Presto card</a> top-up machine at a suburban train station in <a href="Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a></div>

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<div class="gallerytext">Ticket machine in <a href="Otwock" title="Otwock">Otwock</a>, <a href="Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></div>

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<div class="gallerytext">A <a href="VR_Group" title="VR Group">VR</a> ticket machine at the <a href="Helsinki_Central_Station" title="Helsinki Central Station">Helsinki Central Station</a> in <a href="Helsinki" title="Helsinki">Helsinki</a>, <a href="Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a></div>

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<div class="gallerytext">Ticket machines in <a href="Wu_Kai_Sha_station" title="Wu Kai Sha station">Wu Kai Sha station</a> of <a href="Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a>'s <a href="MTR" title="MTR">MTR</a></div>

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<div class="gallerytext">Machine for <a href="Metro-North_Railroad" title="Metro-North Railroad">Metro-North Railroad</a>, a metropolitan <a href="New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> commuter rail system, <a href="United_States" title="United States">United States</a>.</div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext">A ticket machine at the <a href="Jordanhill_railway_station" title="Jordanhill railway station">Jordanhill railway station</a> in <a href="Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a></div>

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<div class="gallerytext">Ticket Machine in <a href="Olomouc" title="Olomouc">Olomouc</a>, <a href="Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></div>

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<div class="gallerytext"><a href="Trenitalia" title="Trenitalia">Trenitalia</a>'s ticket Machine at the <a href="Acqui_Terme_railway_station" title="Acqui Terme railway station">Acqui Terme railway station</a> </div>

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<ul><li><a href="List_of_tram_and_light-rail_transit_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="List of tram and light-rail transit systems">List of tram and light-rail transit systems</a></li>

<li><a href="Self_service" class="mw-redirect" title="Self service">Self service</a></li>

<li><a href="Interactive_kiosk#Ticketing_kiosk" title="Interactive kiosk">Ticketing kiosk</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.metadyne.co.uk/pdf_files/AFC4.pdf">M. A. C. Home, <i>Automatic Fare Collection on the London Underground and London Buses</i>, Chapter 3</a></span>

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</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.blogto.com/city/2012/12/a_brief_history_of_ttc_tokens/">"A brief history of TTC tokens"</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFLehman2013" class="citation book cs1">Lehman, William (2013-02-04). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=S-_BCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA48"><i>US Airways</i></a>. Arcadia. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9781439650028</bdi>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-BESTmachine-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BESTmachine_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFSen2010" class="citation news cs1">Sen, Somit (4 December 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/BEST-tickets-will-be-issued-electronically/articleshow/7035812.cms">"BEST tickets will be issued electronically"</a>. <i><a href="Times_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Times of India">Times of India</a></i>. Mumbai<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 10,</span> 2015</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-collectiblecolour-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-collectiblecolour_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFSheth2011" class="citation news cs1">Sheth, Priya (4 August 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/features/the-coloured-bus-ticket-is-now-a-collectible/article2322514.ece">"The coloured bus ticket is now a collectible!"</a>. <i><a href="The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a></i>. Mumbai<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 10,</span> 2015</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-LJ-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LJ_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://livejapan.com/ja/in-tokyo/in-pref-tokyo/in-asakusa/article-a0001973/">"[Vending machine powerhouse Japan! ] How to use a ticket machine that foreigners do not know"</a>.</cite></span>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

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<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Ticket_machines" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Ticket machines">Ticket machines</a></span>.</div></div>

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<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFWinchester1936" class="citation cs2">Winchester, Clarence, ed. (1936), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.railwaywondersoftheworld.com/ticket-machines.html">"Ticket and change machines"</a>, <i>Railway Wonders of the World</i>, pp. <span class="nowrap">471–</span>474</cite> Illustrated description of these machines on the London Underground</li>

<li><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kiosksinc.com/kiosk-solutions/financial-kiosks"><i>Financial Self Service Kiosk Solutions and Online Banking Services</i></a>, Electronic Kiosks, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 20,</span> 2014</span></cite> - Financial services Kiosk</li></ul>

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</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Public_transport503" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">

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</style><div id="Public_transport503" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Public_transport" title="Public transport">Public transport</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Public_transport_bus_service" title="Public transport bus service">Bus service</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Bus_driver" title="Bus driver">driver</a></li>

<li><a href="Bus_rapid_transit" title="Bus rapid transit">Bus rapid transit</a></li>

<li><a href="Express_bus_service" class="mw-redirect" title="Express bus service">Express bus</a></li>

<li><a href="Guided_bus" title="Guided bus">Guided bus</a>

<ul><li><a href="Autonomous_Rail_Rapid_Transit" title="Autonomous Rail Rapid Transit">Trackless Tram</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Intercity_bus_service" title="Intercity bus service">Intercity bus</a></li>

<ul><li><a href="Charabanc" title="Charabanc">Charabanc</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Public_light_bus" title="Public light bus">Public light bus</a></li>

<li><a href="Rail_replacement_bus_service" title="Rail replacement bus service">Rail replacement bus</a></li>

<li><a href="Share_taxi" title="Share taxi">Share taxi/Taxibus</a>

<ul><li><a href="Marshrutka" title="Marshrutka">Marshrutka</a></li>

<li><a href="Pesero" title="Pesero">Pesero</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Shuttle_bus_service" class="mw-redirect" title="Shuttle bus service">Shuttle bus</a></li>

<li><a href="Transit_bus" title="Transit bus">Transit bus</a></li>

<li><a href="Trolleybus" title="Trolleybus">Trolleybus</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Rail_transport" title="Rail transport">Rail</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Passenger_rail_terminology" title="Passenger rail terminology">Passenger rail terminology</a>

<ul><li><a href="Glossary_of_rail_transport_terms" title="Glossary of rail transport terms">glossary</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Airport_rail_link" title="Airport rail link">Airport rail link</a></li>

<li><a href="Commuter_rail" title="Commuter rail">Commuter rail</a></li>

<li><a href="Elevated_railway" title="Elevated railway">Elevated railway</a></li>

<li><a href="Funicular" title="Funicular">Funicular</a></li>

<li><a href="Heritage_railway" title="Heritage railway">Heritage railway</a>

<ul><li><a href="Heritage_streetcar" title="Heritage streetcar">Heritage streetcar</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="High-speed_rail" title="High-speed rail">High-speed rail</a></li>

<li><a href="Higher-speed_rail" title="Higher-speed rail">Higher-speed rail</a></li>

<li><a href="Inter-city_rail" title="Inter-city rail">Inter-city rail</a></li>

<li><a href="Interurban" title="Interurban">Interurban</a></li>

<li><a href="Maglev" title="Maglev">Maglev</a></li>

<li><a href="Monorail" title="Monorail">Monorail</a></li>

<li><a href="Narrow-gauge_railway" title="Narrow-gauge railway">Narrow-gauge railway</a></li>

<li><a href="People_mover" title="People mover">People mover</a></li>

<li><a href="Railbus" title="Railbus">Railbus</a></li>

<li><a href="Rapid_transit" title="Rapid transit">Metro/Rapid Transit</a>

<ul><li><a href="Medium-capacity_rail_system" title="Medium-capacity rail system">Medium-capacity rail system</a></li>

<li><a href="Rubber-tyred_metro" title="Rubber-tyred metro">Rubber-tyred metro</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Regional_rail" title="Regional rail">Regional rail</a></li>

<li><a href="Street_running_train" title="Street running train">Street running</a></li>

<li><a href="Suspension_railway" title="Suspension railway">Suspension railway</a></li>

<ul><li><a href="Cable_car_(railway)" title="Cable car (railway)">Cable car</a></li>

<li><a href="Horsecar" title="Horsecar">Horsecar</a></li>

<li><a href="Light_rail" title="Light rail">Light rail</a></li>

<li><a href="Tram-train" title="Tram-train">Tram-train</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Vehicle_for_hire" title="Vehicle for hire">Vehicles<br> for hire</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Auto_rickshaw" title="Auto rickshaw">Auto rickshaw taxi</a></li>

<li><a href="Combination_bus" title="Combination bus">Combination bus</a></li>

<li><a href="Cycle_rickshaw" title="Cycle rickshaw">Cycle rickshaw</a></li>

<li><a href="Demand-responsive_transport" title="Demand-responsive transport">Demand-responsive transport</a>

<ul><li><a href="Microtransit" title="Microtransit">Microtransit</a></li>

<li><a href="Paratransit" title="Paratransit">Paratransit</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Dollar_van" class="mw-redirect" title="Dollar van">Dollar van</a></li>

<li><a href="Dolmu%C5%9F" title="Dolmuş">Dolmuş</a></li>

<li><a href="Hackney_carriage" title="Hackney carriage">Hackney carriage</a></li>

<li><a href="Jeepney" title="Jeepney">Jeepney</a></li>

<li><a href="Limousine" title="Limousine">Limousine</a></li>

<li><a href="Motorcycle_taxi" title="Motorcycle taxi">Motorcycle taxi</a></li>

<li><a href="Marshrutka" title="Marshrutka">Marshrutka</a></li>

<li><a href="Nanny_van" title="Nanny van">Nanny van</a></li>

<li><a href="Personal_rapid_transit" title="Personal rapid transit">Personal rapid transit</a></li>

<li><a href="Pesero" title="Pesero">Pesero</a></li>

<li><a href="Public_light_bus" title="Public light bus">Public light bus</a></li>

<li><a href="Pulled_rickshaw" title="Pulled rickshaw">Pulled rickshaw</a></li>

<li><a href="Share_taxi" title="Share taxi">Share taxi</a></li>

<li><a href="Songthaew" title="Songthaew">Songthaew</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Carpool" title="Carpool">Carpooling</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Car_jockey" title="Car jockey">Car jockey</a></li>

<li><a href="Flexible_carpooling" class="mw-redirect" title="Flexible carpooling">Flexible carpooling</a></li>

<li><a href="Ridesharing_company" title="Ridesharing company">Real-time ridesharing</a></li>

<li><a href="Slugging" title="Slugging">Slugging</a></li>

<li><a href="Vanpool" title="Vanpool">Vanpool</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Maritime_transport" title="Maritime transport">Ship</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Cable_ferry" title="Cable ferry">Cable ferry</a></li>

<li><a href="Ferry" title="Ferry">Ferry</a></li>

<li><a href="Gondola" title="Gondola">Gondola</a></li>

<li><a href="Hovercraft" title="Hovercraft">Hovercraft</a></li>

<li><a href="Hydrofoil" title="Hydrofoil">Hydrofoil</a></li>

<li><a href="Ocean_liner" title="Ocean liner">Ocean liner</a></li>

<li><a href="Vaporetto" title="Vaporetto">Vaporetto</a></li>

<li><a href="Water_taxi" title="Water taxi">Water taxi</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Cable_transport" title="Cable transport">Cable</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Aerial_tramway" title="Aerial tramway">Aerial tramway</a></li>

<li><a href="Cable_ferry" title="Cable ferry">Cable ferry</a></li>

<li><a href="Cable_railway" title="Cable railway">Cable railway</a></li>

<li><a href="Elevator" title="Elevator">Elevator</a></li>

<li><a href="Funicular" title="Funicular">Funicular</a></li>

<li><a href="Gondola_lift" title="Gondola lift">Gondola lift</a>

<ul><li><a href="Bicable_gondola_lift" class="mw-redirect" title="Bicable gondola lift">bicable</a></li>

<li><a href="Tricable_gondola_lift" title="Tricable gondola lift">tricable</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Inclined_elevator" title="Inclined elevator">Inclined elevator</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other<br>transport</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Airline" title="Airline">Airline</a></li>

<li><a href="Airliner" title="Airliner">Airliner</a></li>

<li><a href="Carsharing" title="Carsharing">Carsharing</a>

<ul><li><a href="Bicycle-sharing_system" title="Bicycle-sharing system">Bicycle-sharing</a></li>

<li><a href="Scooter-sharing_system" title="Scooter-sharing system">Scooter-sharing</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Elevator" title="Elevator">Elevator</a></li>

<li><a href="Escalator" title="Escalator">Escalator</a></li>

<li><a href="Horse-drawn_vehicle" title="Horse-drawn vehicle">Horse-drawn vehicle</a></li>

<li><a href="Hyperloop" title="Hyperloop">Hyperloop</a></li>

<li><a href="Inclined_elevator" title="Inclined elevator">Inclined elevator</a></li>

<li><a href="Moving_walkway" title="Moving walkway">Moving walkway</a></li>

<li><a href="Personal_transporter" title="Personal transporter">Personal transporter</a></li>

<li><a href="Robotaxi" title="Robotaxi">Robotaxi</a></li>

<li><a href="Shweeb" title="Shweeb">Shweeb</a></li>

<li><a href="Slope_car" title="Slope car">Slope car</a></li>

<li><a href="Trackless_train" title="Trackless train">Trackless train</a></li>

<li><a href="Vactrain" title="Vactrain">Vactrain</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Locations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Airport" title="Airport">Airport</a></li>

<li><a href="Bus_garage" title="Bus garage">Bus garage</a></li>

<li><a href="Bus_stand" title="Bus stand">Bus stand</a></li>

<li><a href="Bus_station" title="Bus station">Bus station</a></li>

<li><a href="Bus_turnout" title="Bus turnout">Bus turnout (bus bay)</a></li>

<li><a href="Passenger_terminal_(maritime)" class="mw-redirect" title="Passenger terminal (maritime)">Ferry terminal</a></li>

<li><a href="Hangar" title="Hangar">Hangar</a></li>

<li><a href="Harbor" title="Harbor">Harbor</a></li>

<li><a href="Interchange_station" title="Interchange station">Interchange station</a></li>

<li><a href="Kassel_kerb" title="Kassel kerb">Kassel kerb</a></li>

<li><a href="Layover" title="Layover">Layover</a></li>

<li><a href="Metro_station" title="Metro station">Metro station</a></li>

<li><a href="Queue_jump" title="Queue jump">Queue jump</a></li>

<li><a href="Taxi_stand" title="Taxi stand">Taxicab stand</a></li>

<li><a href="Train_station" title="Train station">Train station</a></li>

<li><a href="Transit_mall" title="Transit mall">Transit mall</a></li>

<li><a href="Transport_hub" title="Transport hub">Transport hub</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Ticket_(admission)" title="Ticket (admission)">Ticketing</a><br>and <a href="Fare" title="Fare">fares</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Automated_fare_collection" title="Automated fare collection">Automated fare collection</a></li>

<li><a href="Bus_advertising" title="Bus advertising">Bus advertising</a></li>

<li><a href="Contract_of_carriage" title="Contract of carriage">Contract of carriage</a></li>

<li><a href="Dead_mileage" title="Dead mileage">Dead mileage</a></li>

<li><a href="Fare_avoidance" title="Fare avoidance">Fare avoidance</a></li>

<li><a href="Fare_capping" title="Fare capping">Fare capping</a></li>

<li><a href="Fare_evasion" title="Fare evasion">Fare evasion</a></li>

<li><a href="Free_public_transport" title="Free public transport">Free public transport</a></li>

<li><a href="Free_travel_pass" title="Free travel pass">Free travel pass</a></li>

<li><a href="Integrated_ticketing" title="Integrated ticketing">Integrated ticketing</a></li>

<li><a href="Manual_fare_collection" title="Manual fare collection">Manual fare collection</a></li>

<li><a href="Money_train" title="Money train">Money train</a></li>

<li><a href="Penalty_fare" title="Penalty fare">Penalty fare</a></li>

<li><a href="Proof-of-payment" title="Proof-of-payment">Proof-of-payment</a></li>

<li><a href="Reduced_fare_program" title="Reduced fare program">Reduced fare program</a></li>

<li><a href="Transfer_(public_transit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Transfer (public transit)">Transfer</a></li>

<li><a href="Transit_pass" title="Transit pass">Transit pass</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Routing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Circle_route" title="Circle route">Circle route</a></li>

<li><a href="Cross-city_route" title="Cross-city route">Cross-city route</a></li>

<li><a href="Network_length_(transport)" title="Network length (transport)">Network length</a></li>

<li><a href="Non-revenue_track" title="Non-revenue track">Non-revenue track</a></li>

<li><a href="Radial_route" title="Radial route">Radial route</a></li>

<li><a href="Transport_network_analysis" title="Transport network analysis">Transport network</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Facilities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Checked_baggage" title="Checked baggage">Checked baggage</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_first_class_commuter_transport_services" class="mw-redirect" title="List of first class commuter transport services">First class</a></li>

<li><a href="Sleeping_car" title="Sleeping car">Sleeper</a></li>

<li><a href="Standing_passenger" title="Standing passenger">Standing passenger</a></li>

<li><a href="Travel_class" title="Travel class">Travel class</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scheduling</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Bus_bunching" title="Bus bunching">Bus bunching</a></li>

<li><a href="Clock-face_scheduling" title="Clock-face scheduling">Clock-face scheduling</a></li>

<li><a href="Headway" title="Headway">Headway</a></li>

<li><a href="Night_service_(public_transport)" title="Night service (public transport)">Night (owl) service</a></li>

<li><a href="On-time_performance" title="On-time performance">On-time performance</a></li>

<li><a href="Public_transport_timetable" title="Public transport timetable">Public transport timetable</a></li>

<li><a href="Short_turn" title="Short turn">Short turn</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Airport_security" title="Airport security">Airport security</a></li>

<li><a href="Complete_streets" title="Complete streets">Complete streets</a></li>

<li><a href="Green_transport_hierarchy" title="Green transport hierarchy">Green transport hierarchy</a></li>

<li><a href="Farebox_recovery_ratio" title="Farebox recovery ratio">Farebox recovery ratio</a>

<ul><li><a href="Rail_subsidies" title="Rail subsidies">Rail subsidies</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Public_transport_security" title="Public transport security">Security</a></li>

<li><a href="Street_hierarchy" title="Street hierarchy">Street hierarchy</a></li>

<li><a href="Transit_district" title="Transit district">Transit district</a></li>

<li><a href="Transit_police" title="Transit police">Transit police</a></li>

<li><a href="Transportation_authority" title="Transportation authority">Transportation authority</a></li>

<li><a href="Transportation_demand_management" title="Transportation demand management">Transportation demand management</a></li>

<li><a href="Transportation_planning" title="Transportation planning">Transportation planning</a>

<ul><li><a href="Transit-oriented_development" title="Transit-oriented development">Transit-oriented development (TOD)</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technology<br> and signage</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Destination_sign" title="Destination sign">Destination sign</a></li>

<li><a href="Passenger_information_system" title="Passenger information system">Passenger information system</a></li>

<li><a href="Platform_display" title="Platform display">Platform display</a></li>

<li><a href="Platform_screen_doors" title="Platform screen doors">Platform screen doors</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_public_transport_smart_cards" title="List of public transport smart cards">Smart cards</a>

<ul><li><a href="CIPURSE" title="CIPURSE">CIPURSE</a></li>

<li><a href="Calypso_(electronic_ticketing_system)" title="Calypso (electronic ticketing system)">Calypso</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Public_transport_timetable" title="Public transport timetable">Timetable</a></li>

<li><a href="Transit_map" title="Transit map">Transit map</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Models</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Finnish_models_of_public_transport" title="Finnish models of public transport">Finnish models</a></li>

<li><a href="Karlsruhe_model" title="Karlsruhe model">Karlsruhe model</a></li>

<li><a href="Zurich_model" title="Zurich model">Zurich model</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Boarding_(transport)" title="Boarding (transport)">Boarding</a></li>

<li><a href="Bus_rapid_transit_creep" title="Bus rapid transit creep">Bus rapid transit creep</a></li>

<li><a href="Crush_load" title="Crush load">Crush load</a></li>

<li><a href="Dwell_time_(transportation)" title="Dwell time (transportation)">Dwell time</a></li>

<li><a href="Land_transport" title="Land transport">Land transport</a></li>

<li><a href="Outline_of_transport" title="Outline of transport">Outline of transport</a></li>

<li><a href="Passenger_load_factor" title="Passenger load factor">Passenger load factor</a></li>

<li><a href="Planka.nu" title="Planka.nu">Planka.nu</a></li>

<li><a href="Public_good_(economics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Public good (economics)">Public good</a></li>

<li><a href="Request_stop" title="Request stop">Request stop</a></li>

<li><a href="Service_(economics)" title="Service (economics)">Service</a></li>

<li><a href="Sustainable_transport" title="Sustainable transport">Sustainable transport</a></li>

<li><a href="Timing_point" title="Timing point">Timing point</a></li>

<li><a href="Transport_economics" title="Transport economics">Transport economics</a></li>

<li><a href="Micromobility" title="Micromobility">Micromobility</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"></span> </span><a href="Portal%3ATransport" title="Portal:Transport">Transport portal</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox390" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Authority control databases: National </th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4704351-9">Germany</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

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